Manic and hypomanic episodes are the distinguishing clinical features of bipolar disorder. This chapter begins by providing a brief overview of the clinical manifestations of manic and hypomanic episodes, followed by a historical perspective on the pharmacological treatment of mania. It then offers a summary of the recommendations by the most recent iteration of the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of acute mania across the lifespan as well as prophylactic strategies. The chapter concludes by highlighting ongoing challenges and the unmet needs in the treatment of mania and hypomania in addition to suggestions for future research directions including the development of personalized treatment approaches, the integration of technology into the management of manic episodes, and the optimization of relapse-prevention strategies and psychosocial interventions.