The history of spinal surgery spans from ancient Egypt’s Edwin Smith Papyrus, detailing spinal injuries and treatments, to modern advanced surgical techniques. Key developments include Hippocrates’ classifications in Greece, Galen’s anatomical studies in Rome, and innovative surgical approaches by Islamic scholars such as Abulcasis. The Renaissance boosted anatomical understanding, leading to more effective treatments by figures such as Ambroise Paré. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw major advances with the introduction of antiseptics, anesthesia, and imaging technologies such as X-rays and MRI, significantly enhancing diagnostic and surgical capabilities. Modern spinal surgery now combines centuries of knowledge with cutting-edge technology, offering precise interventions for complex spinal disorders.