This chapter explores the history of soil research in Korea, tracing its development from the 1950s to the present. Beginning with foundational research on soil improvement and testing in the late 1950s and 1960s, the focus shifted toward increasing food productionFood production, improving soil fertilitySoil fertility, and diversifying farming systems. Innovations in soil surveySoil survey, physics, and plant nutritionPlant nutrition contributed significantly to the technological advancements in Korean agriculture. In the 2000s, there was a growing emphasis on eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture, incorporating practices like best management practicesBest Management Practices (BMP) (BMP) and smart farming technologies. Institutions, such as the Rural Development Administration (RDA), and universities played key roles in driving this research. International cooperation, through programs like KOPIA (Korea Partnership for Innovation of Agriculture), facilitated knowledge exchange and capacity building. Legal frameworks and overseas support projects further enhanced Korea’s leadership in agricultural science and technology. This historical overview demonstrates how soil and fertilizer research has been instrumental in transforming Korean agriculture into a modern, sustainable industry.