The article «Chinese and Ukrainian Mentality: Historical Roots and Modern Realities» explores the significant historical and cultural distinctions and similarities between Chinese and Ukrainian mentalities. It emphasizes the role of mentality as a set of values and psychological algorithms shaping individual and collective behavior. A comparative analysis reveals how China, rooted in a strong cultural identity, navigates modernization while maintaining traditions, whereas Ukraine’s recent historical experiences have led to selective attitudes towards its past. The paper highlights how China’s «Chinese model» of modernization has positioned it as a key player in global relations, fostering a balanced approach to governance, economic development, and cultural continuity. In contrast, Ukraine faces challenges in embracing its historical and economic transformations. The analysis further touches on the role of higher education cooperation between Ukraine and China as a tool for fostering mutual understanding and strengthening academic and scientific ties, enhanced by similar values and cultural mentalities. This collaboration offers valuable insights into the unique pathways both countries take in the globalized world.