Sustainable development and the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are robust transdisciplinary frameworks applicable to all activities within the Anthropocene to generate changes at local and global levels increasing population welfare, reducing externalities and dependence on non-renewable raw materials with biomass to improve the performance of socio-ecological systems. For the transition to sustainability, the development of indicators is a fundamental tool for measuring progress towards more sustainable systems. Sugarcane biorefineries have been one of the fastest growing socio-ecological systems, as one of the main agro-industries worldwide, taking as a starting point a highly efficient crop in the conversion of biomass and generating in its processing numerous bioproducts, such as sucrose, bioelectricity, bioethanol, bioplastics and various by-products in large quantities of organic nature with high bioconversion potential. Nevertheless, increasing the sustainability of the conventional sugar industry and cane biorefineries has been a slow process due to the complexity and interaction of socioeconomic, environmental, political, cultural, and technological indicators. Therefore, life cycle analysis in its environmental, cost, and social components and recently the circular economy has generated worldwide indicators that will allow stakeholders and decision-makers to develop technological, social, and public policy actions for more sustainable systems. The objective of this chapter was to use bibliometric mapping to analyze the cases generated globally in sugarcane-producing countries, about the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) and circular economy (CE) to the components of the sugarcane biorefinery (field, transportation, processing, by-product management, society, etc.) for the analysis of indicators and to establish retrospectively and prospectively improvements in the processes to increase the sustainability of this productive system.