This chapter explores the critical role of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) with a focus on their relevance to anesthesia. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are highlighted for their distinct contributions to CNS function and their interactions with anesthetic agents. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining ionic balance, neurotransmitter metabolism, and blood-brain barrier integrity, which are essential for anesthetic pharmacodynamics and neuroprotection. Oligodendrocytes, responsible for myelin sheath formation, are key to maintaining neuronal conduction during anesthesia, while their dysfunction may influence anesthesia-induced neurological outcomes. Microglia, as immune surveillance cells, are implicated in neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain, which are critical considerations for perioperative care. The chapter underscores the dynamic interplay between glial cells and neurons during anesthesia, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets to enhance anesthetic efficacy, minimize neurotoxicity, and address pain modulation.