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Since the last two decades, Peru has been the scene of the radicalization of some of its political right-wingers, as well as the emergence of new and even more radical ones. All of them fit within the universe of the so-called extreme right, ultra-right or radical right. Their discourses are extremely conservative, nationalist, violent, racist and homophobic, with a Christian religious background of fundamentalist and dogmatic content, among other features. This is part of the history of the right wing in Peru, but linked to contemporary national and global political and socio-cultural processes. This social and political phenomenon seems to involve, among others, three fundamental factors that this paper explores from a historical and descriptive perspective. First, a historical tradition of political and ideological orientation of the tractional right, from which the extreme right inherits some distinctive features. Secondly, the profound and irreversible structural transformation of Peru due to the constitution of the neoliberal State during the successive regimes of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000); furthermore, due to the strengthening of the economic and political elites that made the democratic system precarious, repressed political debate and gave way to the process of political capture of the State. Thirdly, the cultural and religious factor, predominant in a country that historically built its social differences based on criteria of exclusion and religious legitimization of the political order. The discourse of the extreme right reproduces part of these collective representations and is strongly impregnated with fundamentalist Catholic and evangelical Christian values. Due to the relative “novelty” of this phenomenon in Peru and the still scarce scientific production on it, this paper provides elements of description, characterization and analysis for its interpretation. The methodology employed has been the review and critical evaluation of secondary sources of historical, sociological, anthropological and political character, from different sources, as well as the description and characterization of the phenomenon itself.

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Neoliberal Order, Culture, Religion and Politics in the Rise of the Extreme Right in Twenty-First-Century Peru

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • José Manuel Sánchez Paredes

摘要

Since the last two decades, Peru has been the scene of the radicalization of some of its political right-wingers, as well as the emergence of new and even more radical ones. All of them fit within the universe of the so-called extreme right, ultra-right or radical right. Their discourses are extremely conservative, nationalist, violent, racist and homophobic, with a Christian religious background of fundamentalist and dogmatic content, among other features. This is part of the history of the right wing in Peru, but linked to contemporary national and global political and socio-cultural processes. This social and political phenomenon seems to involve, among others, three fundamental factors that this paper explores from a historical and descriptive perspective. First, a historical tradition of political and ideological orientation of the tractional right, from which the extreme right inherits some distinctive features. Secondly, the profound and irreversible structural transformation of Peru due to the constitution of the neoliberal State during the successive regimes of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000); furthermore, due to the strengthening of the economic and political elites that made the democratic system precarious, repressed political debate and gave way to the process of political capture of the State. Thirdly, the cultural and religious factor, predominant in a country that historically built its social differences based on criteria of exclusion and religious legitimization of the political order. The discourse of the extreme right reproduces part of these collective representations and is strongly impregnated with fundamentalist Catholic and evangelical Christian values. Due to the relative “novelty” of this phenomenon in Peru and the still scarce scientific production on it, this paper provides elements of description, characterization and analysis for its interpretation. The methodology employed has been the review and critical evaluation of secondary sources of historical, sociological, anthropological and political character, from different sources, as well as the description and characterization of the phenomenon itself.