Improving the quality of human life has caused global energy consumption increase in the past decades. Until now, this energy is provided by fossil fuels as non-renewable sources which has disadvantages such as significant emission of greenhouse gases. In recent years, the attention of researchers has been drawn towards producing renewable energy resources like solar, biomass, etc. In addition, a significant quantity of waste is produced annually in all corners of the world. Some portions of this waste can be considered as a source of renewable energy production. This portion must be non-hazardous and capable of being converted into energy sources. Energy recovery from waste is the main part of waste management. Waste management processes are classified into distinct categories like landfill, incineration, and recycling of wastes. Landfill and incineration methods are the commonly utilized methods for waste management. Waste recycling begins with the primary classification of recyclable solid waste, which then returns to the production cycle. Biological compounds constitute an important portion of waste. These compounds are the biomass in the waste which can be converted into energy sources. Based on the waste type, several methods, such as thermochemical, chemical, and biochemical conversion processes can be used for waste to energy. Thermal treatment is considered a novel pathway to the production of renewable energy via various techniques and mechanisms. Chemical conversion of waste is a process in which waste is converted into energy through chemical reactions. Hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification of oils can be mentioned among the most important methods of chemical conversion. Biological organic compounds conversion into energy sources or valuable chemical compounds is carried out by biological factors or processes. In this chapter, waste biorefinery concept of municipal and industrial organic waste-derived biocrude are comprehensive reviewed.