Rapid population growth, coupled with continuous resource depletion and use of dangerous chemical fertilizers in agriculture, is presenting significant obstacles to sustainable agriculture future. Cyanobacteria are of great use as a potential source of biofertilizers. These economical and environmentally friendly biofertilizers not only preserve long-term soil fertility but they also enhance crop output to meet the growing global demand for food. Their utilization in sustainable agricultural practices is gaining traction due to the valuable biomass they produce. Cyanobacteria are important participants of the soil microbial community, impacting soil characteristics and interactions with higher plants and other microorganisms. These interactions can range from minimal to close cooperation, highlighting the diversity and abundance of cyanobacteria. This chapter highlights possible functions and roles of cyanobacteria in advancing agricultural practices. It covers the classification of biofertilizers and their effects on soil aggregation and plant growth. Additionally, it explores cyanobacterial metabolites with agricultural potential and how cyanobacteria can protect against biotic and abiotic plant stresses, ultimately influencing crop yield. It also highlights recent efforts in the field of nanotechnologies for fertilizers and plant nutrition. These efforts aim to improve crop security and enhance the efficiency of essential cyanobacterial nanofertilizer nutrients for sustainable agriculture in the long term.