Supplements and Bridges in the Meter of Time
摘要
Five general topics comprise this chapter. Each of the five addresses instances of a kind of model that can be added as supplement to of extensions of the univariate model of a time-series of per-person action effects. The five types are concerned with (1) bifurcation processes, (2) catalytic processes, (3) filtrations, (4) martingales and dampers, and (5) discrete-time events, such as the threshold(s) of a starting time, a holding or waiting time, and/or a stopping time. The thresholds can be fixed (pre-programmed) or activated recursively within and by a main generative process. Since most models of filtration use a specific algorithm known as σ-algebra, the basics of that procedure are explained in narration. The utilities of these supplemental models need not be applied exclusively. For example, a filtration can lead partially into a bifurcation or into a catalytic action (as, for example, in educational process). Most applications are in discrete-time settings (typical of human actions) but, depending on quality of data, can be estimated under assumption of continuous time. As in applications of spectral analysis, temporal density of observations is an important condition.