Lake Victoria has experienced alarming water level declines, often attributed to operations at Uganda’s expanded Kiira hydroelectric station. However, since the lake relies on rainfall for 80% of its recharge—far more than basin inflows (20%)—the role of climate variability cannot be overlooked. This chapter investigates the long-term climatological contributions to the lake’s falling water levels, particularly during the rapid decline from 2002 to 2006. By analyzing lake level data alongside key climatic indicators, including precipitation patterns and drought indices, we assess how atmospheric factors have influenced the lake’s hydrology. The findings provide critical insights into the balance between human and climatic impacts on one of Africa’s most vital freshwater resources.