By the early 1970s, the idea of preventing mental illness by having community mental health centers (CMHCs) involved in community social issues had fallen out of favor at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). New CMHCs continued to be funded, reaching a total of 548 by 1976. At the same time, state mental hospitals continued discharging patients, totaling 433,407 by 1984. The redevelopment and gentrification of inner cities were also taking place at this time, sharply limiting the availability of low-income housing. Inevitably, the increase in the number of discharged patients led to a rise in homelessness. In addition, it became increasingly apparent that the CMHCs were not providing care for discharged state hospital patients, who accounted for fewer than 5% of CMHC admissions. Only half of the CMHCs had inpatient beds, and only a third offered emergency services, both of which were required by the federal CMHC guidelines. Other studies showed that CMHCs were having no effect on the population of state mental hospitals; the emptying of the hospitals was being completely driven by the availability of federal funds, especially Medicaid. This resulted in a massive shift in the costs of care for mentally ill individuals from the state to the federal government. Civil liberty lawsuits, which made it more difficult to treat or rehospitalize discharged patients, further exacerbated the problems.