Transportation engineering is a critical field within civil engineering, focused on designing and optimizing systems for the safe and efficient movement of people and goods. This chapter explores the application of MATLAB in solving complex transportation engineering challenges, emphasizing traffic analysis, flow modeling, and optimization techniques. It begins by discussing fundamental traffic flow models, including macroscopic, microscopic, and mesoscopic approaches, and illustrates how MATLAB can be used to simulate these models and predict traffic behavior under various conditions. Key topics include route optimization, traffic signal control, and congestion management, where MATLAB’s computational tools are employed to develop strategies that reduce delays and improve network performance. Through practical examples and case studies, the chapter demonstrates the use of advanced simulation techniques such as the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model, Cell Transmission Model (CTM), and Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), providing insights into real-time traffic flow dynamics. In addition, the chapter introduces optimization algorithms for signal timing and network design, ensuring that engineers can develop sustainable and cost-effective transportation solutions. By mastering the methodologies outlined in this chapter, civil engineers will be well equipped to address modern transportation challenges, utilizing MATLAB to enhance traffic analysis and improve infrastructure planning.