Individuals with a history of cleft lip and palate can struggle with learning, attention, and behavior challenges during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnosis and assessment of common learning issues, including difficulty with language-based learning disabilities in reading and writing. Other factors that can also impact children with a history of cleft lip and palate are discussed, including ADHD and nonverbal learning disabilities. These issues likely reflect multiple factors including family/genetic factors, early developmental delays, oral-motor dysfunction, and underlying neurologic/developmental issues.