Permanent-pattern expendable-mold casting (PPEMC) processes are most commonly employed in foundries. This chapter first presents a classification chart of all PPEMC processes with a brief description of these types of processes. Properties of sand are thoroughly discussed with particular reference to sand testing for permeability and the determination of AFS-GFN. Pattern making is described with reference to pattern allowances and core print. The following casting processes are explained with the aid of sketches and photographs (wherever necessary): green sand casting, dry sand casting, floor molding, pit molding, loam mold casting, shell mold casting, hot box/cold box casting, ceramic mold casting, CO2 casting, and V-casting. Recent advances in some casting technologies are also included. This chapter contains 20 diagrams/photos, 5 worked numerical examples, 3 tables, and 10 MCQs with answers.