4,4′-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) abbreviated MOCA is used for coatings and cast polyurethanes. The general population can be exposed to MOCA if they live or spend time on land contaminated with it. Drinking water or eating certain types of plants (root crops) grown in an area contaminated with MOCA can significantly expose the population. Even immediate family members of MOCA-exposed workers may be affected by MOCA concentrations in urine of up to 15 μg/l. It is used as a curing agent for isocyanate-containing polymers, and only about 1% is used in epoxy/epoxy-urethane resin blends, for curing castable liquid polyurethane elastomers. MBOCA-cured polyurethanes have been used to produce shoe soles, rolls for postage stamp machines, cutting bars in plywood manufacturing, rolls and belt drives in cameras, computers, wheels and pulleys for escalators and elevators, in the manufacture of gun mounts, jet engine turbine blades, radar systems, components in home appliances, as a wiring patting, ball seals on nuclear submarines, positioning strips in “Poseidon” missiles, and castable urethane rubber products, such as absorption pads, conveyor belts, and encapsulation of electric components. MOCA causes an increased incidence of bladder tumors in exposed workers. MOCA and conjugates are urinary carcinogen indicators for 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline).