Musculoskeletal diseases affect the muscle and skeleton, reducing mobility, causing intense pain, and deteriorating the quality of life of patients, especially in women and the elderly in Latin America. These diseases require interdisciplinary management that includes medical treatment and psychological interventions. In this research, a systematic review of articles in databases such as PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and APA PsycNet evaluated the effectiveness of psychological interventions in people with musculoskeletal diseases. Eight studies with 518 participants from six Latin American countries were included. The results indicated that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is more effective for managing anxiety and depression in patients with fibromyalgia compared to other therapies. In addition, the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) technique is beneficial as a complementary treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis, improving pain perception and clinical parameters. It is concluded that there is great heterogeneity among the studies in terms of prevalence and predictive factors of negative emotions, which complicates the comparison of results due to variations in inclusion criteria, sampling methods, and measurement tools.