Submarine springs are a form of submarine groundwater discharge in which flow emanates from one or more discrete vents, most typically from karst aquifers. Identification and quantification of submarine spring discharge is needed to develop reliable models of groundwater flow and impacts to groundwater resources in coastal karstic groundwater basins. Our team used an automated underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with water chemistry sensors (CTD, pH, DO, and turbidity) and high-resolution side scan and multibeam scanners to identify submarine springs in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Croatia. The AUV allowed survey areas as large as 100,000 m2 along transects spaced between 10 and 20 m apart and at less than three meters from the bottom. Onboard multibeam and side-scan sensors were used to identify and characterize the locations of the spring vents, which were subsequently confirmed and photographed using SCUBA. Vent depths ranged from approximately 10 to 30 m below mean sea level. Runs at shallower depths over the same area produced data from which 3D models of parameter distributions within the water column above and around the spring vents were developed. Results from Croatia demonstrate the viability of the methods, which we plan to replicate to find and characterize submarine springs in other coastal karst groundwater basins.

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Exploration for Submarine Springs Using an AUV

  • Todd R. Kincaid

摘要

Submarine springs are a form of submarine groundwater discharge in which flow emanates from one or more discrete vents, most typically from karst aquifers. Identification and quantification of submarine spring discharge is needed to develop reliable models of groundwater flow and impacts to groundwater resources in coastal karstic groundwater basins. Our team used an automated underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with water chemistry sensors (CTD, pH, DO, and turbidity) and high-resolution side scan and multibeam scanners to identify submarine springs in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Croatia. The AUV allowed survey areas as large as 100,000 m2 along transects spaced between 10 and 20 m apart and at less than three meters from the bottom. Onboard multibeam and side-scan sensors were used to identify and characterize the locations of the spring vents, which were subsequently confirmed and photographed using SCUBA. Vent depths ranged from approximately 10 to 30 m below mean sea level. Runs at shallower depths over the same area produced data from which 3D models of parameter distributions within the water column above and around the spring vents were developed. Results from Croatia demonstrate the viability of the methods, which we plan to replicate to find and characterize submarine springs in other coastal karst groundwater basins.