The issues faced by Indonesian coconut farmers are small land ownership, monoculture cultivation, low productivity, low farmers’ income, no technology adoption and traditional production. Monoculture cultivation leaves sufficient space to plant intercrops, but not all plants can be used as intercrops. Several aspects must be considered such as ecological, agronomic and economical feasibility. The benefits of coconut based polyculture cropping patterns are improving soil nutrition, suppressing weed growth, increasing the activity of soil organism, carbon uptake, soil organic matter, and reducing soil erosion and landslides. The challenges in implementing the pattern include changes in microclimate under the canopy of coconut plants and potential to change composition of organism both that are useful and act as pest/disease for cultivated plants. Therefore, more specific pest management technology is needed.