Coconut is a vital crop globally, cultivated across 12 million hectares, producing over 65.7 billion nuts annually. It plays a key role in the economies of many tropical nations, with major producers including the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. The global coconut product market has expanded significantly, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.86%, driven by consumer demand for coconut-based products such as coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, coconut milk, coconut sugar, coconut water, activated carbon, coco fiber and cocopeat. Despite this growth, the industry faces significant challenges. Aging palms, pests, diseases, and climate change are major threats to productivity, with some regions reporting up to 60% unproductive coconut trees. Additionally, pests like the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle and Lethal Yellowing Disease have caused devastating yield losses, while climate change exacerbates pest and disease outbreaks. The chapter explores these productivity issues, emphasizing the importance of sustainable farming practices, including Integrated Pest Management (IPM), organic farming, and the development of disease-resistant varieties. It also highlights the need for international cooperation and innovation in research to combat these challenges. By focusing on climate-resilient agricultural techniques and providing farmers with modern, science-based solutions, the coconut industry can sustain its crucial role in global markets and support sustainable development goals.