Previous studies have independently examined the relationships between air pollutants, socioeconomic status (SES), and disease incidence, often neglecting to consider both risk factors simultaneously. However, evidence suggests a correlation between SES and air pollution levels, implying their potential confounding effects. Failing to account for this could lead to inaccurate conclusions. Moreover, SES analyses frequently focus solely on income or residential area, overlooking crucial factors like educational attainment. Air pollution studies tend to concentrate on specific pollutants such as PM2.5 or PM10, disregarding other potentially relevant, highly correlated pollutants, potentially misidentifying the most influential ones. Incorporating multiple risk factors introduces complexities like multicollinearity, which can distort effect estimates and statistical significance. In this study, we analyzed 86,170 hospitalized patients from Mexico City between 2015 and 2019, utilizing composite social and economic indicators. We included various environmental pollutants to comprehensively examine their contributions and effects on both the number and severity of hospitalizations. The results showed that the economic factor of SES significantly influenced the incidence of diabetes complications, while the social factor impacted diseases related to prenatal care and hypertension. The PM10, PM2.5, and CO pollutant group had a statistically significant effect on the incidence of several conditions like influenza, asthma, and epilepsy. The NO2 and NOx group exhibited effects on the severity of diabetes complications and influenza. Notably, nonlinear effects and interactions between variables like age and weight were observed, highlighting the importance of accounting for these complexities.