Industrial policy and economic development are timely agendas for emerging and developing countries. The introductory chapter outlines the book and its conceptual and methodological framework. The book is focused on specific themes of utmost importance and was mainly written between 2022 and 2024. It introduces various chapters. Following this chapter, the second chapter reviews the theory and practice of industrial policy, with the primary purpose of fostering economic transformation and catch-up. The third chapter examines green industrial policy and industrialisation in Africa. The fourth chapter focuses on strategies and governance of SOEs in Africa, given their strategic role in accelerating structural change. The fifth chapter focuses on institutional innovation, deepening reforms, and economic catch-up, focusing on the Chinese Pilot Free Trade Zones, championed by the government’s flagship between 2013 and 2023. It provides significant lessons to developing countries. The sixth chapter focuses on sustainable urban development, connected to Agenda 2030, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Paris Climate Agreement. Urban transformation accompanies industrial transformation and green transformation.