This chapter explores the use of neuropsychological data in criminal trial mitigation and sentencing processes, including ways for highlighting mitigating circumstances and promoting equitable sentence decisions grounded in neuropsychological research. Readers learn how neuropsychological examinations impact sentencing decisions and what mitigating circumstances may affect court results through an examination of case law and professional practices. This chapter examines how to deliver expert testimony, forensic reports, and empirical research findings—as well as other neuropsychological evidence—to juries and judges in an efficient and effective manner. It also looks at the professional obligations and ethical dilemmas that arise while defending the concepts of justice and rehabilitation while arguing for appropriate punishment. Case studies show effective ways to lobby for people with neurological impairments or mitigating circumstances. This shows how neuropsychological evidence can be used in real life to change the outcome of sentencing. The ability of neuropsychological evidence to support equitable results in judicial procedures and a nuanced knowledge of the issues underlying mitigation and sentencing in criminal cases are important lessons to learn.