In many European countries, land policies face increasing and often contradictory challenges, such as land take, housing shortages, and densification. This contribution argues for a comparative approach to land policy and provides an analytical framework for cross-country comparison. The framework seeks to allow for understanding, comparison and reflection on land policies in Europe, structured into five steps: First, the notions of land in respective countries; second, the concept of land (i.e., how land is politically conceived as a resource); third, the actors involved in land policy; fourth, the institutions of land policy, including instruments and strategies to influence land allocation and distribution; and fifth, a reflection on how a specific case positions plot-specific land policy within the broader national context. The chapter concludes by addressing the land question—who should benefit from land rent—positioning the book within societal concerns about land ownership.