Petroleum jet fuel, recognized for its remarkable efficiency as an energy carrier, is predominantly utilized in the aviation industry. The aviation sector is responsible for around 2.5% of worldwide CO₂ emissions and has contributed roughly 4% to global warming to date. The quest for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is accelerating due to their economic viability and ecological benefits. Biomass-derived sustainable aviation fuel exhibits properties akin to traditional jet fuel while significantly diminishing its carbon footprint, hence reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with flight. Microalgal biomass has been exploited as an excellent feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel generation and is attracting considerable interest because of its exceptional biomass output, high lipid and carbohydrate content, and cost-effective culture methods. This chapter focuses on the processing of microalgal biomass for bio-oil synthesis and its subsequent enhancement to sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). A succinct analysis of the fuel characteristics related to SAFs is provided.