Countries worldwide are actively developing and implementing updated policies related to sustainable energy transition. The need to transition to biofuels with a low-carbon footprint is growing due to global efforts to replace fossil fuels incrementally with other sources, such as biofuels, including those for aviation. Aviation fuels refer to petroleum-based fuels or blends of petroleum and synthetic fuels used to power aircraft. To decrease emissions, airlines can transition from petroleum-based fuels to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) states that SAF could help airlines cut emissions by 65%, achieving net-zero carbon emissions from their operations by 2050. However, the production of aviation fuels has significant environmental and techno-economic impacts that need to be considered. The techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of SAF production evaluate the feasibility and profitability of producing SAF from different feedstocks and process technologies, along with its environmental and social impact. Scientists and engineers are developing and optimizing conversion technologies and manufacturing strategies, while the state of the art in TEA and LCA for SAF is evolving. Currently, there are key areas of research and development. One critical area focuses on the development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies. This includes exploring the use of nonfood crops such as algae or cellulosic waste biomass and developing more efficient and cost-effective conversion processes, such as pyrolysis or gasification. Another area of research involves enhancing process efficiency and economics. This includes optimizing feedstock selection, evaluating different biorefinery concepts, and reducing energy and water consumption. Additionally, there is growing interest in integrating SAF with other industries, such as power or chemical conversion, to take advantage of economies of scale and reduce costs. Evaluating the economic and environmental sustainability of SAF is a crucial area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the assessment methodologies and metrics used to evaluate these factors. The development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies is critical to the success of SAF, as is evaluating the environmental and social impact of the production process. The use of nonfood crops such as algae or cellulosic waste biomass can help increase the sustainability of SAF and decrease the reliance on food crops. The efficient and cost-effective conversion of these feedstocks into SAF is also an area of intense research. Pyrolysis or gasification, for example, can be used to convert feedstocks into SAF. Optimizing feedstock selection and evaluating different biorefinery concepts can improve process efficiency and reduce costs. Reducing energy and water consumption during the production process is also critical. Integrating SAF with other industries, such as power or chemical conversion, can help reduce costs and take advantage of economies of scale. This approach can help increase the sustainability of the production process and make SAF more economically viable. To ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of SAF, ongoing research is focused on improving the assessment methodologies and metrics used to evaluate these factors. The development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies, as well as the evaluation of the environmental and social impact of the production process, is critical to the success of SAF.