Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn’s disease is characterized by recurrent flares of autoimmune inflammation in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, whereas ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, with chronic inflammation evolving periodically. Age and sex influence the epidemiology of these diseases, with higher incidence between the second and fourth decades of life. Risk factors include genetic and environmental factors and exaggerated immune response. Crohn’s disease manifests with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and extraintestinal problems, while ulcerative colitis is characterized by bloody diarrhea and rectal inflammation. Diagnosis is based on clinical, endoscopic, and biomarker aspects. Detailed physical examination, laboratory tests, endoscopy, and imaging are recommended. Conventional treatment depends on the degree of involvement, including aminosalicylates, steroids, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies. Physiotherapy is important in the treatment of musculoskeletal consequences and abdominal surgery scars associated with these diseases, using techniques such as massage, myofascial release, and breathing exercises to improve patients’ quality of life. In addition, aerobic physical exercise and muscle strength training are recommended to improve symptomatology.