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When looking at how values have evolved it is hard to maintain a neutral view of cultural differences and history, without falling into relativism. Values change, it’s undeniable. They are limited by time and space, as much as the societies and individuals in which they appear. If universalism exists, i.e., a universal conception of truth, beauty or morality, it is at best a beautiful but impossible ideal, at worse a dangerous illusion that leads democracies into fascism and despotism. Yet, it seems unacceptable to say that gender equity became a matter of justice, or that racism was good then and is now bad. They were important, good, or bad before they were accepted as such. By rejecting universalism, we are exposed to another danger: relativism. Are values the expression of what is valued, or what is valuable? Can we objectively know something about values?

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Conclusion

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Christelle Didier,
  • Aurélien Béranger,
  • Antoine Bouzin,
  • Hugo Paris,
  • Jérémie Supiot

摘要

When looking at how values have evolved it is hard to maintain a neutral view of cultural differences and history, without falling into relativism. Values change, it’s undeniable. They are limited by time and space, as much as the societies and individuals in which they appear. If universalism exists, i.e., a universal conception of truth, beauty or morality, it is at best a beautiful but impossible ideal, at worse a dangerous illusion that leads democracies into fascism and despotism. Yet, it seems unacceptable to say that gender equity became a matter of justice, or that racism was good then and is now bad. They were important, good, or bad before they were accepted as such. By rejecting universalism, we are exposed to another danger: relativism. Are values the expression of what is valued, or what is valuable? Can we objectively know something about values?