Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) warrants special consideration in human medicine. It encompasses a group of reproductive disorders that result in significant morbidity in women and is notable for its geographical distribution and varying frequencies across different age groups. In human pathology, GTD consists of unique proliferative conditions characterized by distinct clinical settings, genetic compositions, and biological behaviors. At one end of the spectrum, GTD includes common diagnostic entities, such as hydatidiform moles, while at the other end, it encompasses rare neoplastic conditions, such as epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Over the past five decades, research has led to a deeper understanding of GTD, particularly with regard to its molecular genetic pathogenesis, diagnostic pathology, and clinical management.