Women, Environmental Activism, and Stateless Citizenship in Post-state North-East Syria
摘要
In the course of the Syrian civil war and the Rojava Revolution, new forms of agency and subjectivity emerged in North-East Syria (NES), in the context of deconstruction of the structures of the authoritarian nation-state in which mainstream notions of citizenship are not easy to apply. The topics of environment and ecology create an interesting nexus in relations between land, identity, and agency, involving different ideologies of nature. In NES, ideas of social ecology form a significant part of the ideology developed by Abdullah Öcalan after his imprisonment, and thus, at least on a declarative level, ecology forms one of the backbones of the project of Autonomous Administration of NES. Engagement in ecological activism in NES creates opportunities both for reassuring the allegiance to the ideals of the Rojava Revolution and democratic confederalism and for challenging and criticizing those in power for either their insufficient actions or diminishing independent and private initiative. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews with activists in West Kurdistan, the chapter discusses how environmental initiatives create spaces of creativity and resistance, prompting activists to take more responsibility for shaping the future of Syria and the Autonomous Administration and reconfiguring their relations with both the Kurdish Freedom Movement and remnants of the Syrian State.