For practical purposes, the significant goal of achieving powerful and efficient absorption of electromagnetic waves in the X-band region still faces numerous challenges. Herein, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were grown in-situ on the surface and inserted into the interlayers of MXene sheets via a facile heat treatment route. The presence of MXene promoted the growth and organization of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, leading to enhanced crystalline structure and surface effect between nanoparticles and MXene sheets throughout the composite material. These factors effectively adjusted the magnetic properties, resulting in an improvement in the absorption performance of X-band electromagnetic waves. The pure Ti3C2 MXene demonstrated a minimum reflection loss of –20.2 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.4 GHz. By incorporating Ti3C2 MXene with a 30 wt.%, the cobalt ferrite/Ti3C2 MXene composite achieved a minimum reflection loss of –24.6 dB at 11.2 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth of 1.8 GHz. This study provides a promising approach to enhance the absorption properties of X-band electromagnetic waves.