Ocular anatomy and binocular vision are important and major subjects in the clinical vision sciences and each topic could fill many volumes. In the following chapter, I will provide illustations of important anatomical structures, such as the eye, the retina and the extraocular eye muscles, as well as schematics of the visual pathway, the pupil reflex pathway, the cranial nerves and many more. This chapter also seeks to illustrate some tests to assess common binocular vision problems.