In this chapter, we have focused on agricultural innovation under different land size class categories at the block level in the district. The agricultural innovations are influenced by direct input and output factors of agriculture, and therefore, the first section deals with meaning and importance of agricultural innovation and SDGs. A list of 32 variables under seven major indicators has been described in the next section. The output variables like cropping intensity, productivity, crop diversification, and cropping pattern change were discussed in the following section, and the final section focused on nature of relation between input and output of agriculture followed by agricultural innovation index from 1995–1996 to 2015–2016. The analysis in this chapter is mainly based on secondary sources of data mostly extracted from Agriculture Census of India. The important methods were agricultural innovation index, yield index, crop diversification index, correlation matrix, and scoping review.