Climate change impact is extremely felt across continents with influence on agricultural production which is essential for rural livelihoods. The sub-Saharan Africa, identified as one of the most vulnerable continents to climate risks, faces severe food production challenges, especially among smallholder farmers in the rural areas. This study investigates the response of rural farmers in Nigeria to climate change, emphasizing their adaptation strategies in the face of increasing climate change related challenges. With the use of the PRISMA method for systematic review of empirical studies from various databases (2014–2024), the study analyses 69 articles focusing on climate change awareness, adaptation strategies, and socio-economic determinants. Findings reveal that farmers predominantly rely on indigenous production practices alongside contemporary innovations, with income, education, and extension services identified as critical determinants for successful adaptation. The review highlights the need for policies that incorporate local knowledge, enhance farmers’ resilience, and promote inclusive engagement in climate adaptation strategies, thereby supporting rural households in mitigating climate challenges.