This chapter gives a review of soil conservationConservation, land degradationDegradation, and sustainable agriculture in Montenegro, emphasising the crucial role of soil as an essential, non-renewable resource pivotal for food production and ecosystem health. It outlines the extensive studies by the Biotechnical Faculty on Montenegro's diverse soil profiles, predominantly nutrient-poor, spotlighting the urgent need for soil fertility preservation. Various institutions, including the Ministry of Ecology and the University of Montenegro, are pivotal in implementing policies, conducting research, and enforcing land protection and management measures in alignment with international conventions like the UNCCD. Also, the chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the legal and strategic frameworks aimed at countering land degradation and achieving land degradation neutrality (LDN), highlighting the significance of synergised efforts, restoration of degraded land, and sustainable land management practices. It also addresses Montenegro's specific vulnerabilities (such as forestForest communities fires) and proposed nature-based transformative solutions, emphasising the integration of LDN into national planning. Additionally, the chapter delves into Montenegro's comprehensive strategy to combat droughtDrought and promote sustainable land useLand use through the Montenegro National Drought Plan. The significance of legal frameworks, strategic planning, institutional capacity building, and eco-friendly farming practices is underscored.