The pedosphere forms at the intersection of the lithosphere and atmosphere, incorporating elements from the hydrosphere and biosphere. This chapter examines soil formation factors in Montenegro, including parent material, climate, organisms, relief, humans, groundwater, floodwaters, and time. Soil evolves continuously through pedogenic processes like organic and mineral transformation, migration, and human activities. The chapter details the spatial distribution of limestones and dolomites, igneous and metamorphic siliceous rocks, flysch sediments, alluvial, colluvial, and glaciofluvial deposits, and Neogene lacustrine sediments, and their influence on soil formation and characteristics in Montenegro. It also covers the Adriatic, modified Adriatic, and Mountainous climates, and Montenegro's hydrological conditions. Relief significantly impacts soil formation, with 87% of Montenegro having slopes steeper than 15%, affecting soil water regime and genesis. Soil and vegetation have a symbiotic relationship, with extensive forests, pastures, and grasslands contributing to soil formation. The impact of groundwater and floodwaters, especially around Lake Skadar and river valleys, and human influence are also discussed.