This chapter explains some of the geographical and social characteristics of Montenegro which markedly affect land resources. Montenegro is located in the southwestern part of the Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula and is characterised by very pronounced forms of hilly-mountainous relief and high altitudinal gradients, and pretty high wilderness of its territory. Only 6% of the country's territory has slopes below 5%, and the country is characterised by a distinct climate, from the AdriaticAdriatic Sea coastAdriatic coast to the high mountains, which influence the division and structure of land use. The chapter discusses also the structure of land useLand use in Montenegro, emphasising the high share of forests, pasturesPastures, and natural grasslands in the country and land ownership. The wide areas of the country are characterised by extensive agriculture, skeletal soils, and pronounced erosionErosion processes. The overview of land resources is given by means of three main agroecological regions: (1) Coastal region spreading along the Adriatic coast and covering the area of coastal mountains characterised by the MediterraneanMediterranean climate—hot and dry summers, but humidHumid winters; (2) central region with Zeta-Bjelopavlići subregion characterised by the modified Mediterranean climate, and KarstKarst subregion with sparse vegetation, scarce in soil and water resources, and (3) northern region, with subregion of high mountains and plateaus, covering the highest and largest part of the country under the mountainous climate, and the continental subregion as hilly-mountain area intersected by the river valleys, with milder climate and more inhabited in this region. The chapter discusses hydrological, biological, meteorological, and geological conditions in three regions, as well as anthropogenic impacts on soils.