Facial Masculinization Surgery
摘要
Facial femininity that is incongruent with the gender identity of transmasculine individuals may cause significant dysphoria. Salient indicators of gender include the jaw, forehead, brow, nose, and Adam’s apple. A number of surgical and nonsurgical techniques have been reported to masculinize facial features for transmasculine individuals. Surgical options include bone and soft tissue manipulation as well as implant placement. Nonsurgical techniques focus primarily on facial fillers. While some surgical techniques may be derived from experience with cisgender patients, they must be applied with particular attention to transmasculine individuals in order to avoid inadvertent feminization, such as avoiding the feminizing effects of facial rejuvenation. Special attention must also be directed towards recognition of the differing patterns of soft tissue architecture between cisgender and gender diverse individuals. Overall, facial masculinization is less commonly performed than facial feminization. However, demand is likely to increase as techniques are refined and popularized.