Deterioration of water quality due to rising industrial and agricultural activities and ever-increasing demand of clean water are the global challenges of current times. A variety of trace organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in surface waters. PAHs are toxic, recalcitrant, and abundant organic pollutants and adversely impact aquatic and human life causing mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has categorized 16 PAHs as priority pollutants. These PAHs primarily originate as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and find ways to surface waters posing a risk to animal and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and remediate PAHs in water. Among a number of remediation techniques for PAHs adsorption are widely acceptable due to simple, safe, and cost-effective unit process. Nanomaterials have higher surface area that facilitates rapid contaminant removal with enhanced adsorption capacity. Nanoadsorbents have successfully removed PAHs (up to 99%) in aqueous media. In this chapter nanomaterial-based sensing and remediation strategies for PAHs in (waste) water have been presented. Further, an overview of sources, route of exposure, and harmful effects of PAHs on human health has been included.