Tannery wastewater presents a significant environmental challenge due to its complex composition. This effluent is rich in nitrogenous materials, chromium, sulfides, and a significant amount of suspended and dissolved solids, among other organic and inorganic compounds. Chemical, biological, and physical processes are frequently combined in conventional treatment procedures for this complicated effluent, which adds to the complexity and raises the expense. However, a novel approach utilizing polymer nanocomposites offers a promising solution for efficient and cost-effective tannery wastewater treatment. These nanocomposites are engineered materials incorporating nanoparticles within a polymeric matrix. Compared to traditional composites with larger-scale components, these nanocomposites possess superior physical and thermal properties. Additionally, their synthesis can be achieved through relatively simple and cost-friendly methods. Enhanced pollutant removal potential is the most attractive feature of polymer nanocomposites. The surface area has been substantially raised, and the chemical interaction sites inside the composite are altered by the addition of nanoparticles. This means improved adsorption and probable degradation of a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals and colors found in tannery wastewater. The objective of this work is to investigate the wide range of uses of polymer nanocomposites in the treatment of wastewater from tanneries, while also providing a thorough evaluation of these materials. The potential of these novel materials for sustainable and efficient wastewater management will be thoroughly studied.