This chapter defines the multifaceted problem, encompassing historical exploitation, contemporary ecological threats, and the impacts of climate change on the biodiversity and local communities of the Buxa Tiger Reserve. The objectives of the study are also outlined, focusing on analyzing trends in temperature and precipitation, understanding their ecological impacts, assessing changes in wildlife behavior, evaluating effects on forest villagers’ livelihoods, and examining conflicting outcomes in human-wildlife interactions. Description of the mixed-method approach is also detailed, involving household surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and geographic information system (GIS) analysis using satellite imagery.