Neuroimaging techniques are non-invasive methods used to study the central nervous system, primarily the brain. These methods allow clinicians and researchers to directly assess brain activities while individuals perform perceptual, motor, and/or cognitive tasks. This chapter presents some of the key scientific evidence obtained through the use of neuroimaging strategies regarding the neural mechanisms involved in the development, maintenance, and treatment of substance-related and addictive disorders. It mainly addresses the interface between decision-making processes and inhibitory control in drug dependence, as well as the neural substrates involved. The chapter also discusses the potential and limitations of neuroimaging studies in establishing biomarkers for substance use disorders and other behavioral addictions.