As industrial and domestic activities continue to grow, the release of surfactants and flame retardants into water bodies poses a significant threat to the quality of freshwater resources. The chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the impact, presence, and management of surfactants and flame retardants in aquatic environments. Various sources and pathways via which these anthropogenic compounds enter into water sources are discussed. The chapter deals with the physicochemical properties of surfactants and flame retardants, their behavior in aquatic ecosystems, and their ecotoxicological effects on the environment and aquatic life. The chapter also explores several analytical techniques employed for the analysis of both surfactants and flame retardants in water systems. Several mitigation techniques including physical and chemical methods for the removal of surfactants and flame retardants have been discussed. The present chapter also deals with the challenges, future perspectives, and several analytical as well as mitigation strategies employed for the eradication of surfactants and flame retardants. The chapter provides a detailed overview of sources, properties, and negative impact of surfactants and flame retardants that could be useful for researchers and academicians to develop analytical methods for the removal of these contaminants and hence foster the sustainability of water ecosystems.