This chapter explores the historical development of environmental consciousness, with a focus on the Australian and NSW contexts. It begins by examining the genesis of environmental awareness and traces the influence of early explorers, scientists, and naturalists who laid the foundation for understanding the natural world. The role of acclimatisation societies, and the contributions of collectors, illustrators, artists, and writers, in fostering a cultural appreciation of nature are highlighted. The development of state legislation is juxtaposed with the advocacy which encouraged its progress. Discourses in protection, preservation, and conservation prevail, shaped by utilitarian and progressive ideals. Advocacy groups align with the categories of scientists, naturalists, bushwalkers and urban renewalists—the setting up of anthropocentric and ecocentric dichotomies. The narrative discusses conservation through the lens of Crosbie Morrison’s critique, and the evolution of Nature Study. Science as a Western endeavour is problematised. The chapter closes with developments reflecting the gradual shift in societal attitudes toward nature that have occurred alongside profound changes in science, technology, governance and society. This chapter contextualises and sets the scene to showcase systems inseperability. It starts the narrative of finely detailed events, characters and bureaucratic processes giving insight into the uncertain, conflicted nature of policy development.