The twenty-first century highlights significant environmental sustainability challenges, notably the escalating pollution of vital resources such as air and water. This pollution primarily arises from rapid population growth and extensive industrialization, exerting substantial pressure on essential resources crucial for human survival and ecological balance. Globally, the deterioration in air and water quality poses severe public health and sustainability concerns. Air pollution originates from natural occurrences along with human activities. Ecological phenomena such as magma explosions and dust storms combine with human contributions from the combustion hydrocarbon energy in transportation and power stations, industrial emissions, farming, and livestock operations that release harmful substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution, on the other hand, often stems from manufacturing sector discharges, agricultural water runoff carrying pesticides, fertilizers, and untreated waste, which compromise water quality and present major threats to marine ecosystems and human well-being. Grasping the concept of sources and consequences among these pollutants is vital to formulating robust risk management plans. Addressing this issue requires a multidisciplinary approach involving chemistry, biology, environmental science, and public health to fully understand how these pollutants affect ecosystems and human health. The economic ramifications of pollution are profound, affecting healthcare, labour productivity, and industries reliant on natural resources. Efforts to curb pollution globally have led to the adoption of global treaties and local policies, for example, the Paris Climate Accord. However, the effectiveness of these policies varies significantly across regions. An integrated strategy that combines scientific research, innovative technology, robust policy frameworks, and active public engagement is essential to mitigate the impacts of pollution and promote sustainable practices. This approach aims to safeguard and improve the well-being of the planet’s ecosystems for future generations, as detailed in this chapter, which provides actionable insights and clear guidelines for combating environmental degradation.