The Evolution of a Global Script: The Present, Future, and Sequence of Reforms
摘要
This chapter presents the three temporalities of policy transfer that explain why, how, and in which order the global script was developed: (i) the present at the time (also known as the historical period), (ii) the future, and (iii) the sequence. First, governments’ managerial and financial burden to satisfy the demand for education is not to be underestimated. The chapter presents the four most popular strategies governments enlisted to cope with educational expansion. The fourth (neoliberal) strategy, promoted by the OECD and the World Bank, entailed deregulation, choice, and privatization and was positively associated with efficiency and quality gains. Second, intergovernmental organizations legitimize and accelerate the global dissemination of reforms by tying them to futuristic multi-year international agreements, such as EFA, MDGs, and SDGs. Global norm-setting and benchmarking have become effective tools for global governance, enabling intergovernmental organizations to monitor governments’ progress toward common goals regularly. Finally, the chapter discusses in detail the sequence of the last four public administration reforms and demonstrates the changing role of the state, types of accountability, and types of regulation. The state’s role has transitioned from that of a welfare, entrepreneurial, and interventionist state to, most recently, the engaged state.