The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 emphasize that a healthy ecological environment is the foundation and cornerstone for achieving sustainable development goals. Monitoring and assessing the level of sustainable development are essential aspects of ecological spatial sustainability within the SDGs framework. In order to promote the green transformation and development of resource-based cities and achieve the goal of sustainable development of ecological space, this study focuses on the ecological space of Nanping City in Fujian Province. Guided by SDGs, particularly SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG13 (Climate Action), and SDG15 (Life on Land), and considering local issues related to the sustainable development of ecological space, this research constructs a comprehensive index system for the sustainability of ecological space in resource-based cities. This system encompasses dimensions such as water conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity protection, and soil erosion control. Utilizing multi-source data including meteorological, soil, elevation, and land cover data, and supported by software such as ArcGIS, ENVI, and Origin, the study employs the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) quantitative index evaluation method to assess the sustainability of Nanping City’s ecological space. Finally, optimization suggestions for the sustainable development of Nanping City’s land ecological space are proposed, providing insights into the quantification and visualization of sustainability in ecological environments within the framework of SDGs.