Introduction Incorporating nanoparticles into modern medical practices has significantly improved healthcare delivery by endorsing more accurate diagnoses and developing innovative medical materials. However, while offering substantial benefits, these innovations also contribute to emerging risks, particularly concerning occupational exposure to nanoparticles by healthcare professionals. Objective This short review aimed to identify the primary sources of occupational exposure to nanoparticles of healthcare professionals. Methodology This short review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework, focusing on occupational nanoparticle exposure. Therefore, detection and measurement methods were sought, as well as occupational health and respiratory effects, interventions, and mitigation measures. Results and Discussion Different emission sources were identified in various healthcare contexts, such as surgical procedures, drug administration, medical equipment handling, and cleaning practices, although the mitigation and control measures were not identified. Conclusion It was made clear that the challenges posed by nanoparticle exposure are still not fully comprehended. There is a need for tailored preventive strategies in different healthcare scenarios.