Introduction

After the Cold War, many issues, such as regime changes, regional disputes, and ethnic conflicts, took center stage in international affairs. Unfortunately, the outcomes of these occurrences, particularly the humanitarian ones, were often overlooked or poorly managed. One of these consequences being forced displacement, became a major concern for social scientists and international policymakers in the 1990s. In the “Foreword” of Masses in Flight, a pioneering work on internal displacement, Michael H. Armacost (1998: ix) pointed out the increase in the number of displaced people since the Cold War in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, and drew attention to the “magnitude of the crisis.” When Armacost emphasized the urgent need for action in 1998, the individuals who forcibly left their places of origin were estimated to be around 35.33 million, roughly 20–25 million of them being classified as internally displaced persons (IDPs). In 2023, the number of forcibly displaced has increased to 117.3 million, 9 million more than the previous year (UNHCR 2024), making forced displacement, commonly known as the “refugee crisis,” undoubtedly one of the most significant challenges the world is grappling with, as the number of people being forcibly displaced is rising exponentially with each passing day.