The imperative to overcome global challenges and the entrenchment of the ESG agenda contribute to the spread of economic mechanisms that support sustainable development on a global scale. Environmental (E), social (S), and corporate governance factors (G) are being actively introduced into the most diverse sectors of economic activity, inducing structural and procedural changes. The need to implement ESG principles led to a review of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policies) in many countries. A toolkit of investment and tax incentives is widely used to encourage green investment. The global economy is witnessing progressive growth rates of investment in clean energy resources compared to fossil fuels, which is essentially the result of targeted stimulus policies undertaken within the framework of commitments to reduce harmful emissions. Reputable financial markets worldwide use mechanisms to encourage green investment initiatives, the depth and quality of which is assessed by the Global Green Finance Index; the 2023 ranking of the index leads the financial centers of London, New York, and Geneva. Some countries apply tools for adopting ESG approaches, ESG-related direct and indirect tax reductions, benefits, incentives, and grants to promote environmentally friendly investments. Nevertheless, environmental taxes and incentives are still widespread in a limited number of countries. The UK implements the greatest variety of such financial tools. Various instruments of ESG-related financial incentives are applied within the framework of the EU and its individual member countries.